Why magnesium is used in Grignard reactions?

Grignard Reagents were discovered by Victor Grignard in 1900. They are classically formed by reacting magnesium turnings with alkyl halide in ether or THF solvents, to form solutions of alkylmagnesium halide. The atmosphere must be moisture –free and inert and magnesium must be of high purity.  Magnesium is usually covered with a coating of magnesium oxide, so an activation agent like Iodine or Dibromoethane is added. They can also be formed from by when an organolithium compound reacts with a magnesium halide In organic chemistry C-C bond is one of the most important bonds. To make these C-C bonds organometallics such as organolithiums, Grignard reagents and carbonyl compounds are used. Grignard reagents are our first source of carbanions (anions of carbon). The polarity of a covalent bond between two different elements is determined by electronegativity. The more electronegative an element is, the more it attracts the electron density in the bond. Hence, the greater the difference in electronegativity, the more polarized a bond becomes. In the extreme case of complete polarization, the covalent bond ceases to exit and is replaced by electrostatic attractions between ions of opposite charge. The reactivity of the carbonyl groups is due to the polarization of the carbon-oxygen bond toward the more electronegative oxygen. For e.g. – Polarity inside a Formaldehyde molecule Thus organometallic reagents act as nucleophiles towards the electrophilic carbonyl group. In organolithium compounds and Grignard reagents, the key bond is polarized in the opposite direction, towards the carbon – making carbon a nucleophilic centre. This is true for most organometallics because, metals like Li, Na, K, Mg, ca, Al, Cu, Zn etc. all have lower electronegativity than carbon. Also, the alkali metals (Li, Na, K etc.) and the alkaline earth metals (Mg and Ca, together with Zn) are good reducing agents, the former being stronger than the latter.   Hence, these can be used to make organometallic reagents with carbon. The alkyl magnesium halides are called Grignard Reagents after the French chemist, Victor Grignard, who discovered them. The other metals mentioned above react in a similar manner, but the Li & Mg are the most widely used. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical Bromination These reactions are substitution reactions, but they cannot be classified as nucleophilic substitutions, as in the reactions above. Because the functional carbon atom has been reduced, the polarity of the resulting functional group is inverted (the original electrophilic carbon becomes nucleophilic). This change, shown below, makes alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents unique and useful reactants in synthesis. Reactions of organolithium and Grignard reagents reflect the nucleophilic character of the functional carbon in these compounds. The nucleophilic carbon of these reagents also bonds readily with electrophiles such as iodine and carbon dioxide (fifth equation). The polarity of the carbon-oxygen double bonds of CO2 makes the carbon atom electrophilic, shown by the formula in the shaded box, so the nucleophilic carbon of the Grignard reagent bonds to this site. Carbon has in consequence an unshared electron pair. Such a carbon would be a very strong base, much stronger than needed to take an H+ from water to generate the weaker base OH-. A practical consequence of this is that Grignard reagents must be kept dry, away from even the slightest traces of moisture, lest they be destroyed by reaction with water. Works Cited Clayden, greeves, Warden and Wothers, â€Å"Organic Chemistry†, Oxford University press,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2001, ISBN 0-19-850346-6 http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/haloalkanes/grignard.html

Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper

Planning is when the financial manager identifies the steps that must be taken to accomplish the organization’s objectives. The purpose is to identify objectives and then to identify the steps required for accomplishing these objectives. Controlling is when the financial manager makes sure that each area of the organization is following the plans that have been established. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that plans are being followed.Organizing is when the financial manager decides how to use the resources of the organization to most effectively carry out the plans that have been established. Directing is when the manager works on a day-to-day basis to keep the results of the organizing running efficiently. The purpose is to ensure effective resource use and provide daily supervision. Decision making is when the financial manger makes choices among available alternatives. Decision making actually occurs parallel to planning, organizing, and controlling.All types of de cision making rely on information, and the primary tasks are analysis and evaluation. The purpose is to make informed choices (Baker and Baker, 2001). Summary of generally accepted accounting principles and general financial ethical standards Most healthcare organizations operate on the accrual accounting basis. With this type of accounting; revenue is recorded when it is earned-not when payment is received; and expenses are recorded when they are incurred-not when they are paid.Ethical decision making is required when the healthcare executive must balance the needs and interests of the individual, the organization and society. Those involved in the decision making process must consider ethical principles such as justice, autonomy, beneficence and fairness, as well as professional ethical standards and codes. Physicians, nurses, and other caregivers may primarily address ethical issues on a case-by-case basis. Healthcare executives also have a responsibility to address those issues at broader organization, community, and social levels ACHE, 2007). Examples from articles that reflect ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices. Explain significance of each example. In May 2004, Larry J. Tyler wrote in an article that financial managers need to keep their own personal finances in order. If a financial manager is living too close to the edge on his/her own finances or are in fear of losing their job, and then they are more likely to â€Å"bend† their convictions (Tyler, 2004).The importance of this example is so financial managers do not â€Å"fix† the books to make the organization look better than it actually is. If someone thinks that their job is on the line, they are more likely to do what others want them to do as well. In an article written by Joe Batte, a healthcare compliance specialist, he reported that state and federal agencies are increasing their efforts to eliminate fraud and abuse in healthcare.Batte defines fraud as: Knowingly and willfully executing or attempting to execute, a scheme or artifice to defraud any health care benefit program. Or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody of, or control of, any health care benefit program. Batte defines abuse as: Abuse is defined as receiving payment for items and service when there is no legal entitlement for that payment and the provider has not knowingly or intentionally misrepresented the facts to obtain payment.Abuse may, directly or indirectly, result in unnecessary costs to the Medicare or Medicaid programs for services which fail to meet recognized standards of care, or that are medically unnecessary. Whether it’s abuse or fraud, the fact that a provider can lose everything through being excluded from state and Federal health care program’s participation makes it imperative to run the providers company in a professional, comp liant, and business-like fashion. It is also wise to know what is currently being done by the agencies that oversee our health care systems (Batte, Joseph R. 2001). In the articles above, knowledge of what can happen to someone, or the organization as a whole, will deter managers of falsifying financial reports. Education is key to any position, whether healthcare or another. Knowledge of the consequences will help keep managers on the straightened arrow. Conclusion It is incumbent upon healthcare executives to lead in a manner that sets an ethical tone for their organizations. Education in ethics is an important step in healthcare’s executives’ life-long commitment to high ethical conduct, both personally and professionally.In today’s more aggressive enforcement environment it pays to have an active compliance program in effect, make sure that documentation is complete and legible, and don’t assume that the small or medium sized provider is not going to be reviewed on a regular basis. The medical industry is held to a higher standard of ethics and many of the overseeing agencies are now using their considerable arsenal to make sure that fraud and abuse reduction is on everyone’s front burner. Reporting Practices and Ethics Paper Planning is when the financial manager identifies the steps that must be taken to accomplish the organization’s objectives. The purpose is to identify objectives and then to identify the steps required for accomplishing these objectives. Controlling is when the financial manager makes sure that each area of the organization is following the plans that have been established. The purpose of controlling is to ensure that plans are being followed.Organizing is when the financial manager decides how to use the resources of the organization to most effectively carry out the plans that have been established. Directing is when the manager works on a day-to-day basis to keep the results of the organizing running efficiently. The purpose is to ensure effective resource use and provide daily supervision. Decision making is when the financial manger makes choices among available alternatives. Decision making actually occurs parallel to planning, organizing, and controlling.All types of de cision making rely on information, and the primary tasks are analysis and evaluation. The purpose is to make informed choices (Baker and Baker, 2001). Summary of generally accepted accounting principles and general financial ethical standards Most healthcare organizations operate on the accrual accounting basis. With this type of accounting; revenue is recorded when it is earned-not when payment is received; and expenses are recorded when they are incurred-not when they are paid.Ethical decision making is required when the healthcare executive must balance the needs and interests of the individual, the organization and society. Those involved in the decision making process must consider ethical principles such as justice, autonomy, beneficence and fairness, as well as professional ethical standards and codes. Physicians, nurses, and other caregivers may primarily address ethical issues on a case-by-case basis. Healthcare executives also have a responsibility to address those issues at broader organization, community, and social levels ACHE, 2007). Examples from articles that reflect ethical standards of conduct and financial reporting practices. Explain significance of each example. In May 2004, Larry J. Tyler wrote in an article that financial managers need to keep their own personal finances in order. If a financial manager is living too close to the edge on his/her own finances or are in fear of losing their job, and then they are more likely to â€Å"bend† their convictions (Tyler, 2004).The importance of this example is so financial managers do not â€Å"fix† the books to make the organization look better than it actually is. If someone thinks that their job is on the line, they are more likely to do what others want them to do as well. In an article written by Joe Batte, a healthcare compliance specialist, he reported that state and federal agencies are increasing their efforts to eliminate fraud and abuse in healthcare.Batte defines fraud as: Knowingly and willfully executing or attempting to execute, a scheme or artifice to defraud any health care benefit program. Or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody of, or control of, any health care benefit program. Batte defines abuse as: Abuse is defined as receiving payment for items and service when there is no legal entitlement for that payment and the provider has not knowingly or intentionally misrepresented the facts to obtain payment.Abuse may, directly or indirectly, result in unnecessary costs to the Medicare or Medicaid programs for services which fail to meet recognized standards of care, or that are medically unnecessary. Whether it’s abuse or fraud, the fact that a provider can lose everything through being excluded from state and Federal health care program’s participation makes it imperative to run the providers company in a professional, comp liant, and business-like fashion. It is also wise to know what is currently being done by the agencies that oversee our health care systems (Batte, Joseph R. 2001). In the articles above, knowledge of what can happen to someone, or the organization as a whole, will deter managers of falsifying financial reports. Education is key to any position, whether healthcare or another. Knowledge of the consequences will help keep managers on the straightened arrow. Conclusion It is incumbent upon healthcare executives to lead in a manner that sets an ethical tone for their organizations. Education in ethics is an important step in healthcare’s executives’ life-long commitment to high ethical conduct, both personally and professionally.In today’s more aggressive enforcement environment it pays to have an active compliance program in effect, make sure that documentation is complete and legible, and don’t assume that the small or medium sized provider is not going to be reviewed on a regular basis. The medical industry is held to a higher standard of ethics and many of the overseeing agencies are now using their considerable arsenal to make sure that fraud and abuse reduction is on everyone’s front burner.

Principles of Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Principles of Economic - Essay Example If both countries are closed economies, i.e., they do not participate in any trade then both countries will produce both goods by allocating half of their resources to each of the goods, tomatoes and clothes in our case. Consider the hypothetical table below: They cannot produce entire amounts of both goods at the same time. However, participating in international trade and specialization can help increase their production possibilities. Since Pakistan is better at cloth production while Germany is better at tomatoes production, Pakistan is said to have an absolute advantage in cloth production and Germany in tomatoes production. Therefore, common sense suggests that each should specialize in the good in which they have an absolute advantage and as a result, each of them would be better off than they were before. This means that Pakistan should produce 400 clothes and no tomatoes and Germany should produce 400 tomatoes and no clothes. Therefore, Pakistan can now import 200 tomatoes from Germany while Germany can import 200 clothes from Pakistan, thereby each of them realizing a gain of 150 from international trade and specialization. Clearly there is a gain from international trade and specialization in the form of increased production possibilities. ... Therefore, Pakistan can now import 200 tomatoes from Germany while Germany can import 200 clothes from Pakistan, thereby each of them realizing a gain of 150 from international trade and specialization. Cloth Tomatoes Total production (without trade) 250 250 Total production (with trade) 400 400 Clearly there is a gain from international trade and specialization in the form of increased production possibilities. However, even when, for instance, Germany has an absolute advantage in the production of both tomatoes and clothes, participating in international trade and specialization can increase its production possibilities and increase world trade. The theory of comparative advantage says that it should specialize in those goods which it can produce with relatively greater efficiency and import the other. However, we must remember that the above was based on two countries and two products only. In the real world, there are many products and countries involved. However, this model can be extended to include any number of countries or products. Other assumptions are also involved such as production costs are constant and there are no restrictions on international trade. In reality, this is not true. Nevertheless, we can conclude that international trade and specialization can increase world trade through the theories of absolute and comparative advantage. Q2 (a) (i) Price of Mangoes - $ / kg Quantity Demanded - 000/kg Quantity supplied-000/kg $6.00 220 400 $5.50 240 360 $5.00 260 320 $4.50 280 280 $4.00 300 240 $3.50 320 200 $3.00 340 160 Equilibrium quantity= 280000

Finding a theme in a story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finding a theme in a story - Essay Example the life lesson of Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell is that very often, one have to make a choice between what is morally right and what one is expected to do or should do, especially in accordance with the law. In the essay, Orwell presents the conflict between the main character’s conscience and the law. The narrator is an imperial police officer, the representative of the conqueror and, consequently, is hated by the natives as â€Å"an obvious target† (Orwell). It is a difficult task for him to endure his job and hostile attitude of the conquered towards him. At the same time, he hates imperialism and the British Empire for the way of life he and the natives have to lead. As Orwell puts it, â€Å"theoretically – and secretly, of course, – I [the narrator] was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British†. In fact, this is the first conflict between the narrator’s conscience and what he is supposed to do / feel. The matter is that as he is a citizen of the British Empire and, more importantly, is at public service, he is supposed to admire his country, its political strategy and ideology. The narrator chooses to hate Britain a nd pity the Burmese though. The second collision between what is morally right and what one is obliged to do is central in the piece under consideration because it is the one that leads to the main character’s deep reflection on his behavior in the situation and in general. What is meant here is the main decision the police officer makes, which is whether to shoot or not to shoot the elephant. As it follows from the essay, the choice is not the easy one for the narrator. He himself tries to justify what he is going to do. He understands that killing the animal is not correct: â€Å"As soon as I saw the elephant I knew perfectly that I ought not to shoot him† as â€Å"at that distance, peacefully eating, the elephant looked no more dangerous than a cow† (Orwell). At the same time, the narrator feels the

The First Sino-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First Sino-Japanese War - Essay Example The war proceeded for five years with the Japanese troops and navy triumphant over their Chinese adversaries until the capture of Weihaiwei after which the Chinese called for a ceasefire and peace in February 1895. Through the war, it could be seen that the Qing Dynasty had become a spent force after fighting in the Opium Wars in the nineteenth century. However, Japan under the Meijin Restoration had reformed considerably for the better and after the war; it exerted its superiority in all over East Asia to the detriment of the Self-Strengthening of the Qing Dynasty in China. The triumph of Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War can be attributed to its modern fleets as well as superior war tactics made possible through strategy, foresight and proper organization. The Chinese had an ineffective regime led by the inefficient and corrupt Qing Dynasty, which led to its defeat in the war. Japan, therefore, managed to reduce the influence of the Chinese in Korea with prosperity registered after the overthrow of the Korean king and a friendly Japanese government. Through this, the trade by Japan flourished thus making its economy to grow in bounds. However, the divisions created in Korea would later lead to the splitting of Korea into North and South Korea, each with an attachment to either Japan or China. The pro-Chinese Conservatives congregated around China forming North Korea while the pro-Japanese formed South Korea that leans towards Japan.

Importance of islamic spain and its legacy Essay

Importance of islamic spain and its legacy - Essay Example Islam is said to have been practiced in Spain as early as the year 709. At this time, Spain was still non-existent and the area was the Iberian Peninsula. It was not until 711 that Islam stamped its authority in the area. This was as a result of the need to stamp out the despotic rule of King Roderick who violated the peoples’ rights with reckless abandon. Tariq Ibn Ziyad successfully led the Muslim armies and concurred the area. In a time span of seven years, the Muslims had gained total control of the area and they ruled some parts of this the area for seven hundred years. After these years, Islam began to weaken. By the year 950, Muslims formed one of the strongest and most stable societies under the rule of the able Umayyad Caliphate in the area of Al-Andalus. Out of a population of over eight million at the time, only one million was not Muslim. As a result of the stability, Cordoba as the capital of this region was sought after by Muslims and other Europeans in search of education. The downfall of Muslim rule began when the ruling caliphate disintegrated in the year 1000 to form several but weakened states that were known as Taifa. The disunity in these small states made them susceptible to attacks by Kingdoms of Christian background. The Taifas fell apart under the attack of the Christian Kingdoms until only one, the Granada was left by 1240. Granada was able to resist attacks as it was protected by mountains that made it difficult to conquer by the Christian factions. However, the disunity in the Muslim faction finally led to the concur of Granada as the Christian faction worked together tirelessly until they took over Granada in 1491 by forcing Sultan Muhammad the Muslim Leader append his signature on the treaty that required him to cede control to the Christian kingdom then.(lostislamhistory.com). After the conquest, the Christians made Islam illegal in Granada in 1502 and became very harsh to Muslims. The intolerance led to a mass exodus of Mu slims to the Northern parts of Africa. Those who remained could not express their faith in Islam. The exodus continued till in the 1600 when almost all Muslims had left Granada as a direct consequence of the religious bigotry. Those who remained behind were forced to join the Catholic Church but it was just for safety. They still secretly practiced Islam.It was not until 1960 when Islam began to re-establish itself in Spain. Most of the Muslims in Spain from that time to 1970 were immigrants from Morocco who desired to get into France and other countries further north. They were discouraged by the strict immigration rules of these countries and decided to settle down in Spain. Islam sprouted once again. Other migrants of Muslim orientation who settled in Spain included those from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. These groups came to Spain either as businesspersons or learners. The number was slightly boosted by refugees from Iran in 1979. The influx of immigrant Muslims into Spain t ogether with the previous History of Islam is believed to have encourage many Spaniards to convert to Islam. They easily identified with it from the ancient times. (Mathew, 2009). Islam began to take route again in Spain leading to its legal recognition by the Government in 1992. By 1992, the percentage of Spanish Muslim converts was nearly equal to the number of immigrant Muslims in Spain. Apart from the rich historical legacy of Islam in Spain, Islam also significantly influenced the culture of the Spanish people. Current

Madre Teresa de Calcuta Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Madre Teresa de Calcuta - Research Paper Example She was born on August 27, 1910 in the Republic of Macedonia and was named Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. She was born in the house of an Albanian grocer (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2010). Her father passed away when she was only eight years old. She was raised with the love and affection by her mother who induced good values in her personality. Even at an early age, she found herself to be very close to god and wanted to do something meaningful with her life. With the vision of serving humanity, she left home at the age of 18 and joined the ‘Sisters of Loreto’. Frà ¤ngsmyr and Abrams (1997) stated that ‘Sisters of Loreto’ was an Irish community of nuns who trained people to serve the people and they had some missions in India at that time. She became a Catholic nun and changed her name from Agnes to Teresa. Mother Teresa of Calcutta Center (n.d.) gave the reason of why her name was chosen as â€Å"Teresa†: she was named Sister Mary Teresa after St. Thà ©r à ¨se of Lisieux. She completed her training in Dublin and was sent to India to practice what she had been taught for the welfare of the people. She took her initial vows in 1931 as a nun and started teaching in a convent school. She remained in the school for around 17 years but had a greater vision than to only teach children. Sebba (1997) explained that she took her Final Profession of vows in 1937 and finally got the name that is known around the globe â€Å"Mother Teresa†. She used to stay very disturbed regarding the conditions of the poor people in the region and wanted to help them in every possible manner. With the spirit to make her existence useful for others, she applied to ask for permission to work with the poorest communities in the region who had no one to take care of them. Frà ¤ngsmyr and Abrams (1997) explained that after the receiving of the permission, she went to the slums of Calcutta, India and opened a small school for the poor

Implementation of the Basic Human Right - the Right for Freedom due to Term Paper

Implementation of the Basic Human Right - the Right for Freedom due to the European Convention of Human Rights - Term Paper Example The sublimeness of the idea of human rights is enough to capture the imagination and fancy of someone reflecting on the idea. But if one is pulled back into reality, with the grimness of the world that human beings have created for themselves, one then is thrust to the question of justice, of equality, of liberty, of rights, and of freedom.  Ã‚   And for this very reason, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom and its Eight Protocol came into inception.Europe ravaged by the atrocities of the Second World War had become the living witness of the extent of the possibility of the madness that could be inflicted by man to other men.   Thus, the man-made catastrophe – genocide - had spurred various leaders of Europe to come together and create a treaty.   A convention that will have for its undertakings â€Å"the promotion or encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction, and to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization for the achievement of these objectives.† Together with this sad and horrifying experience of Europe is the fact that during the creation of the convention, Europe is â€Å"ideologically broken,† because during that time the â€Å"ideological conflict between Eastern Europe and Western Europe† was as real and as palpable as any concrete human experience.   With these two reasons acting as the primary motivators and ethos, Europe had created the European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its eight Protocols. This convention was â€Å"signed on November 4, 1950† and â€Å"entered into force on September 3,1953†.It is in this light that this paper is being pursued - to be able to shed light into the question of liberty as it is elucidated and clarified in the â€Å"European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms a nd Its Eight Protocols.†Ã‚  

The European sovereign debt crisis during 2010-2011 Essay - 1

The European sovereign debt crisis during 2010-2011 - Essay Example Matters involving liability crisis have in the recent years being reported globally, as the level of the sovereign arrears of some of the financial scheme of the world have risen, giving them a threat of failure to pay. A Financial network is thought to be in an obligation crisis once its government has failed to pay its debt. However, not any of the nations that are at present in debt disaster has defaulted, but they involve extremely high government debt balances, and their bond output spreads in the securities of the government have gone up, as a result, there is relegation of their sovereign ratings for credit. When an area suffers this crisis, it might be able to undergo a sudden discontinue of inflows from the foreign capital because of major loss of capitalist confidence regarding the economy. The Eurozone had kept an overall acceptable short-term financial credit between 1999 to the year 2007. However, there existed large as well as continuing inequities in the region.  "Greece, Spain, Portugal, and to a lesser extent Ireland†, sustained massive current account shortfalls, and Germany, Netherlands, along with Luxembourg, had profits in the account (Braga & Vincelette 222). The providers of the large plus extended current account losses are dissimilar across these countries. As years went by, the deficits balances of the current financial standing have been increasing, also, a decrease to the surpluses in the other countries. The existing crisis on debt commenced with the demise of the banking corporation in Iceland in the year 2008, and spread to some of the countries in Europe like the Ireland, Portugal, as well as Greece in the year 2009. At the beginning of the second half of this year, reports concerning the debt crisis on the United Sates also blew up (Economic Review 1; Braga & Vincelette 222-225). The crisis originated from various factors and had tremendous implications to the economy of the European countries. GDP Growth in the Euroz one, Q4 2009–Q1 2011 (Belkin, & Mix, & Nelson, 14) Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, April 2011 (Belkin, & Mix, & Nelson, 4). Reasons behind the Financial Crisis The debts predicaments are featured to pro-cyclical economic policy in the period preceding the economic crisis. The countries impinged on had being managing large and untenable fiscal deficits for several years, largely funded through borrowing. The Government of Greek used deficit spending to increase extraordinarily, the people’s standard of living as the debt funded the joblessness societal benefits, raised the remuneration of public workers along with pensioners’ income, and sustained a mutually respectful labor market. The evident cause of the â€Å"European Debt Crisis† is also the changing of the ‘European Monetary Union’ (EMU) from financial stimuli to fiscal consolidation in the year 2009. Until that year, the EMU together with the entire European Union (EU) and other main financial systems followed the IMF order in the upshot of Lehman Brother’s insolvency, to promote global demand by way of increasing government spending. The

Emory University Essay Example for Free

Emory University Essay Emory University is one of the few institutions that provide an avenue for students to pursue twin passions. It offers a joint major in Economics and Mathematics, the two disciplines that I want to focus on. I also plan to take the pre-law requisites, to boost my understanding of the field of business. Given my career goals, I might also delve on financial law, a study that cannot be divorced from applied economics and math. The courses that the university offers would be of big help in the swift actualization of my plans. Another reason I am attracted to Emory is the Emory Honors Program. It enables qualified seniors to conduct intensive research in the field of their choice. Students are given the chance to study abroad for a semester. This program, with the international exposure it presents, will help me gain invaluable experience in the establishment of my own management consulting business in the future. I am not only attracted to the university’s diverse intellectual opportunities and emphasis on undergraduate education, but also to the positive learning vibe it cultivates. Its renowned professors seem very comfortable giving advice about their expertise, beyond the confines of the classroom. I can easily picture myself discussing the extent of the current global financial crisis with my economics professor. During breaks, I would browsing in the Matheson reading room or attending the East Asian Musical Cultures seminar. Emory is also synonymous with diversity. Its comfortable, friendly atmosphere allows individuality to flourish. I cannot wait to meet students from around the globe. Perhaps, by early evening, I will be standing on the Woodruff balcony, gazing at the breathtaking Atlanta skyline or chatting with an English Emory scholar over dinner. In addition, an aspect of the University that appeals to me is the wide variety of campus organizations that serve as platforms for the fulfillment of nonacademic interests. I believe that extra curriculars enhance a person’s soft skillsa competence needed to thrive in any environment, professional or social. I want to actively participate in some of Emory’s clubs and organizations during my spare time. I am also excited about continuing my involvement in groups such as the Academic Team, Habitat for Humanity, and Math Team. Lastly, I would also like to associate with groups of people with whom I share common interests, like writing. I have come across outstanding issues of The Emory Wheel, and aspire to become a contributing writer. My insightful research on a famous Chinese ancient military strategy book entitled â€Å"Art of War† can be published on the campus paper. I presume that its supposedly ancient teachings is far from outdated, and can be effectively applied in the modern world of business. With my unique cultural background, I will definitely inject fresh opinion and novel ideas to your prestigious University and I know I can add flavor to the existing diversity of Emory campus.

Converting Files into Different Formats

Converting Files into Different Formats Jay Kybert       Converting files to different formats is useful for several applications. One of the most common reasons for converting a file is to compress it, whether an image, audio track, etc. Compression is a useful computer tool that reduces the space these files takes up, the easiest way to convert a file for the average user is to simply enter the new file extension. Users can activate an option that allows them to see the file extension (.txt, .JPG, etc.). By navigating to File Explorer Options, users can untick the option marked red in the image below, this allows the extension to be shown on known file types, and therefore manually altered if wanted. The results of compression entirely depend on the type of file being converted and what its being converted to. For example, converting a .PNG file (Lossless Compression) to a .JPEG (Lossy Compression) will save space by decreasing the file size of the image, but it will also decrease the overall image quality due to the different methods of compression. File sizes vary dramatically, saving in one format may make the image look more crisp, but at the expense of a lot of disk space. Although it could be the complete opposite, with poor quality but little disk space. Bitmaps, a type of image that uses arrays of different coloured pixels, are the most common and efficient type of image. Vector images use lines and equations to create simpler and less-detailed images. Because of this, they are typically smaller in file size, but lack detail. Once a bitmap image has been created and is about to be saved, the user needs to know what the purpose of the image is, whether to have a high quality, large image, or the opposite. Bitmap images do allow for users to control the amount of compression the file will undergo, typically in the form of a variety of file formats or advanced compression options. The JPEG file format is widely used due to its several layers of compression. The image can be slightly compressed, if the space is needed, all th e way to 10% of the original file size (at the expense of the images quality). The table below details some of the common bitmap file formats, and some information regarding them. The JPEG is one of the most common file formats used in storing images. It has a variety of compression options that use a specific algorithm to reduce the quality to whatever the user wants. Its compression algorithm is lossy, meaning that the compression does degrade the overall quality of the image by decreasing the number of colours, making certain shades the same colour, etc. These methods reduce the number of bits required to store the file. As mentioned previously, JPEG is a useful file format since the user decides how compressed the image is going to be. Therefore, depending on the users preference, the file can be a slightly larger than normal JPEG but it will provide a crisp image. A PNG file uses lossless compression to provide a clear image with some element of compression. It is very similar to GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), however it does not support animations. When using the screenshot feature on a computer, many operating systems choose to compress the image automatically, saving more space. However, the Macintosh OS and some versions of Linux save a .PNG which is almost the raw, uncompressed image, providing a clearer picture. Opposite to lossy compression, lossless compression doesnt affect the original quality of the image and still decreases file size; however, it doesnt save as much space as lossy does. It works by reading the data of the bitmap and rearranging it in a more efficient way. Once the file is reopened there is no change in quality, only the file size has changed. To show the difference in compression and file size, I downloaded a royalty-free image from a website. I chose to save it as a .PNG, the image on the left proves this. I then saved the same image as a .JPEG. The image on the right shows this. The PNG file is almost five times larger than the JPEG, this clearly shows the relationship between file size and image quality. The organisation of a computer system is completely pointless if the files arent named appropriately. Younger computer users may simply write a keyword that has relevance, for instance a string of lyrics for an .mp3 song. This relevance in naming allows users to easily find the file later. However, naming a file random numbers or letters if in a hurry makes it harder to search for in the future, especially if there are lots of files on the same system. The image below shows two of my files and how they are organised on the system. For similar reasons to naming files, folder structure is very important to many people who use computers regularly and store a variety of data. Folders give a structure to the disk that is storing the information. Many operating systems have folders even before the user creates their own, they are designed for organisation. The best example of this is Windows Downloads, Documents, Music, Pictures, and Videos. Even though there are no restrictions on allowing a user to place a document in the Video folder, it would be counter-intuitive to do so. With businesses, where lots of information is stored, a vast amount folders are needed to cater to the variety of information; otherwise it would be difficult finding a specific file amongst thousands of other files. Creating subfolders is useful for this. Below is an example of my personal folder structure for this course. Lossless compression, as mentioned previously, is a method of reducing file size without affecting the overall quality of the image. It rearranges the data for the image in a more efficient way, which reduces the file size slightly, but preserves all the original bitmap. Therefore, the image looks as good as the original picture and takes up a smaller amount of disk space. If wanted, the compressed image can be changed back into a raw format, with no decrease in quality but an increase in file size. Lossy compression works by removing less-important parts of the bitmap, this reduces the number of bits required to display the bitmap and therefore the file becomes smaller. The less-important parts of the image are usually similarly-looking shades of colour, or colours altogether. By using less-colours or removing certain parts of the bitmap, the image still looks like the original but with less detail, depending on the amount of lossy compression depends on the compressed quality. Thus, files that use lossy compression have a much smaller size, but also poorer quality. Video files, audio files, etc. can also be affected by lossy compression. Sources http://www.mediacollege.com/microsoft/windows/extension-change.html http://balunywa.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/jpeg-gif-or-png-images.html#.WLRhyDuLSUk http://www.picswalls.com/pic/beautiful-nature-wallpapers/ http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/lossless-and-lossy-compression

I Was a Washington D.C. Intern :: Essays Papers

I Was a Washington D.C. Intern On June 9, 2003, my life took an interesting turn. It was a sunny day. Blue skies, humidity insanely high, and I found myself at 4th Street and Constitution in Washington, D.C. I stood before an angled architectural masterpiece by famed architect I.M. Pei; its pointed corners jutted out towards the grassy Mall and Capitol Hill as if it were some sort of Picasso-esque compass pointing simultaneously towards all the tourist hot spots. (The one corner, purportedly the sharpest building corner in the world, wore a dark gray spot about eye level where thousands if not millions of tourists had touched it just to see how sharp it really was). I found myself standing before it, not as tourist . . . but as an employee on my first day of work. It all seemed a little overwhelming. How I ended up there still seems like a dream even today. Back in early 2001, while working in an art museum library in Nashville, Tennessee, I heard about the internships at the National Gallery of Art. They have quite the reputation in the art world. I bemused myself by daydreaming of one day being an intern there. At the time I heard about them I most certainly wasn't a good candidate. I only had the one art museum gig under my belt and I still really lacked direction in my career ambitions. But fast forward to 2002. I was no longer working at the art museum library (the position was eliminated due to budget cuts) and I was no longer living in Nashville (I moved to Tucson to attend SIRLS). There's probably nothing else like losing your job to really make you figure out what you want to do with your life. I realized several things: I wanted to continue working in an information provision setting, and I wanted to work with visual collections, spe cifically photographs. Because of those goals, I chose to immediately find my way in at the Center for Creative Photography as soon as I arrived on campus in Tucson. I started out as a volunteer and would go on to do an internship there. This critical experience was exactly what I needed to boost my resume to the level of D.C. intern candidate. So . . . six full months before June 9, 2003, I applied for an internship at the National Gallery of Art.

Outline from may 31- june 12, 1864 :: essays research papers fc

May 31 - June 12, 1864 In the overland campaign of 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant with the Army of the Potomac battled General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia for six weeks across central Virginia. At the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna and Totopotomoy Creek, Lee repeatedly stalled, but failed to stop, Grant's southward progress toward Richmond. The next logical military objective for Grant was the crossroads styled by locals Old Cold Harbor. May 31, 1864 After sparring along the Totopotomoy northeast of Richmond, Grant ordered Major General Philip Sheridan's cavalry to move south and capture the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor. Arriving near the intersection, the Union force ran into Major General Fitzhugh Lee's Confederate horsemen. A sharp contest ensued, soon joined by Confederate infantry under Brigadier General Thomas Clingman of Major General Robert Hoke's division. After a short battle, Union cavalry drove the Confederates beyond the crossroads. The Rebels then started digging new positions a half-mile to the southwest. June 1, 1864 Lee wished to retake Old Cold Harbor and sent Major General Joseph Kershaw's division to join Hoke in a morning assault. The effort was short and uncoordinated. Hoke failed to press the attack and Sheridan's troopers, armed with Spencer repeating carbines, easily repulsed the assault. Grant, encouraged by this success, ordered up reinforcements and planned his own attack for later the same day. If the Union frontal assault broke through the Confederate defenses, it would place the Union army between Lee and Richmond. After a hot and dusty night march, Major General Horatio Wright's VI Corps arrived and relieved Sheridan's cavalry, but Grant had to delay the attack Major General William Smith's XVIII Corps, Army of the James, marching in the wrong direction under out-of-date orders, had to retrace its route and arrived late in the afternoon. The Union attack finally began at 5 p.m. Finding a fifty yard gap between Hoke's and Kershaw's divisions, Wright's veterans poured through, capturing part of the Confederate lines. A southern counterattack however, sealed off the break and ended the day's fighting. Confederate infantry strengthened their lines that night and waited for the battle to begin next morning. June 2, 1864 Disappointed by the failed attack Grant planned another advance for 5 a.m. on June 2. He ordered Major General Winfield Hancock's II Corps to march to the left of the VI Corps. Exhausted by a brutal night march over narrow, dusty roads, the II Corps did not arrive until 6:30 a. Outline from may 31- june 12, 1864 :: essays research papers fc May 31 - June 12, 1864 In the overland campaign of 1864, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant with the Army of the Potomac battled General Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia for six weeks across central Virginia. At the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, North Anna and Totopotomoy Creek, Lee repeatedly stalled, but failed to stop, Grant's southward progress toward Richmond. The next logical military objective for Grant was the crossroads styled by locals Old Cold Harbor. May 31, 1864 After sparring along the Totopotomoy northeast of Richmond, Grant ordered Major General Philip Sheridan's cavalry to move south and capture the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor. Arriving near the intersection, the Union force ran into Major General Fitzhugh Lee's Confederate horsemen. A sharp contest ensued, soon joined by Confederate infantry under Brigadier General Thomas Clingman of Major General Robert Hoke's division. After a short battle, Union cavalry drove the Confederates beyond the crossroads. The Rebels then started digging new positions a half-mile to the southwest. June 1, 1864 Lee wished to retake Old Cold Harbor and sent Major General Joseph Kershaw's division to join Hoke in a morning assault. The effort was short and uncoordinated. Hoke failed to press the attack and Sheridan's troopers, armed with Spencer repeating carbines, easily repulsed the assault. Grant, encouraged by this success, ordered up reinforcements and planned his own attack for later the same day. If the Union frontal assault broke through the Confederate defenses, it would place the Union army between Lee and Richmond. After a hot and dusty night march, Major General Horatio Wright's VI Corps arrived and relieved Sheridan's cavalry, but Grant had to delay the attack Major General William Smith's XVIII Corps, Army of the James, marching in the wrong direction under out-of-date orders, had to retrace its route and arrived late in the afternoon. The Union attack finally began at 5 p.m. Finding a fifty yard gap between Hoke's and Kershaw's divisions, Wright's veterans poured through, capturing part of the Confederate lines. A southern counterattack however, sealed off the break and ended the day's fighting. Confederate infantry strengthened their lines that night and waited for the battle to begin next morning. June 2, 1864 Disappointed by the failed attack Grant planned another advance for 5 a.m. on June 2. He ordered Major General Winfield Hancock's II Corps to march to the left of the VI Corps. Exhausted by a brutal night march over narrow, dusty roads, the II Corps did not arrive until 6:30 a.

korn :: essays research papers

Born in Bakersfield, California, Korn has become one of the most popular new bands of the nineties. They have revolutionized heavy-metal music as we know it (or used to know it), by injecting several different musical influences into traditional rock, from hip-hop and rap, to 70's funk music. This strange blend gives Korn a sound of its own. It is because of them that we coined the phrase: â€Å"hardcore metal†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Korn’s first single â€Å"Blind† opened up the doors for hardcore music in 1994. The song introduced lightning fast drum arrangements, frightening guitar riffs, hammer style bass lines, and scratchy, screaming vocals. â€Å"Blind† also introduced a new wave of instrument playing by the use of a seven string guitar that is tuned down from the standard EBGDAE to a strange DAFCGDA. The form of low tuning has become a model to hardcore music. Some of the most common bands such as Limp Bizkit and Staind have adapted to using low tunings in their guitar playing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Blind† is a typical drug song that simply explains the singer’s experience with drug use, and how it provided an escape from the pain he had endured as a young adult. He wants to leave the world and start all over again, but doesn’t know how, so he uses drugs to distort his reality. The chorus is typical of the hardcore sound because he is filled with so much rage and anger that makes it hard to understand what he is saying. The song is played by a five piece band which is typical of a hard core rock band of today. It pushes away from the conventional four piece band that flourished within all rock bands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has the elements of the rock sound because it includes a singer backed up by two guitarists, a drummer, and bass player.

Parenting Styles and Discipline

Parenting Styles and Discipline There are three parenting styles and who you are as a parent has a lot to do with the way your child responds to you. The authoritarian parent values obedience. The rules are clear but inflexible. Misbehavior is strictly punished. In this type of environment, it is common for children to feel fearful and for parents to use fear as a teaching strategy. The authoritarian parent teaches the child what to think as opposed to how to think since the parent makes all decisions for the child. This parent uses reward and punishment to control the child’s behavior.An authoritarian style can have unintended side effects. When parents rigidly discipline, children can become rigid, obsessive and people-pleasing. They may experience shame and guilt. An authoritarian style doesn’t teach children healthy ways for managing emotions; the focus is on accepting authority rather than learning how to make choices and distinguish right and wrong. A permissive p arent allows children to learn the consequences of their actions for themselves, without providing guidance. There are no clear limits and misbehavior is often ignored.Unlike the authoritarian parent, the permissive parent offers little structure and few boundaries. Children have total freedom to act however they want. Often the parent is a slave to the child. While a permissive style of parenting may seem to support children’s creativity and provide a sense of being fully accepted, it lacks the structure they need to feel safe. Without limits, children can feel confused and insecure. It also robs the child of selfrespect and self-esteem by doing things for the child that the child can do for himself. It is an invitation for rebellion with inconsistent parenting.As with an authoritarian style, permissiveness doesn’t teach children how to handle their emotions in a healthy way. It also doesn’t support them in developing an internal moral compass. Having free lice nse to choose behavior without considering rules or the impact on other people sets children up for failure in their relationships and at school and work. In 1971 Diana Baumrind used the classifications of â€Å"Neglectful† and â€Å"Indulgent† parenting, instead of permissive, in Development Psychology Monographs. An authoritative parent is kind, but firm. Authoritative parents are respectful towards their children, and model this behavior.They set and enforce limits, clarify issues and give reasons for limits. They provide children with practice in making choices and guide them to see the consequences of their choices. They teach their children how to solve problems, even providing them with decision-making opportunities. These are essential skills in adulthood. Self-esteem flourishes as children learn to rely on their own abilities to determine right from wrong and to act accordingly. Parenting discipline has become a hugely debated subject. Discipline is often take n as a bad thing, however, discipline does not have to be automatically considered a punishment.Discipline by definition means; â€Å"Training expected to produce a specific character or pattern of behavior, especially training that produces moral or mental improvement. † Psychologist Dr. Leman spoke of â€Å"reality disciplinarians† that â€Å"try to be consistent, decisive, and respectful of their children as persons. † While holding their children accountable for their actions, they encourage their children to learn. The parent should communicate to their children that they love them even though they don’t always love their behavior by choosing their words wisely. There are unfortunately many cases where parenting discipline is overdone.Some of this wrong discipline is done with very good intentions, all the while thinking that it will make your child a better person. However, there is a very thin line between constructive and destructive parenting dis cipline. Hitting or screaming at a child in the name of discipline is never a good thing. Children are very sensitive and such discipline can mark and scar them forever with very dire consequences. Parenting discipline is more teaching, showing a child the right way to do something, not just imposing or forcefully making him perform some duty given by you.No matter how good the intention the method of discipline is extremely important. Parenting discipline is a delicate matter to be approached very carefully. Do not make the mistake to presume that if something worked for you it will be the same for your child or even if it worked on for one child the same will work for another. Find the right way to discipline your child so he will happily learn and apply the discipline taught by you. I find that parenting how one sees best is the right that comes with that of being a parent. It doesn’t do well to criticize someone else’s parenting style as inferior.Of course poor par enting may come back to cause harm to the child and even parents and society. Really each parent should strive to raise children with good attitude, behavior, and character by appropriate parenting and discipline. Works Cited â€Å"Definition of Discipline. † Discipline. http://education. yahoo. com/reference/dictionary/entry/discipline. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. Leman, Kevin. Making Children Mind without Losing Yours. Grand Rapids, MI: F. H. Revell, 2000. Print. Santrock, John W. Child Development – Thirteenth Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

The Sundale Clubs

The Sundale Club I. Problems A. Macro 1. Division within organization due to poor relationships among personnel. 2. Lack of leadership and direction within organization. B. Micro 1. Johnson’s (reputed) behavior. 2. Loss of members. 3. Chain-of-command difficulties: Frank Havens unable to talk to boss, Bob Watts uninterested in problem. 4. Poor staff morale; treatment of Pat indicates problem. II. Causes 1. No recognition/follow-through for staff. Pat overlooked for promotion. 2.Personal relationship between Chuck Johnson and Ted Ellis detracts from goals of organization and from staff morale. 3. Bob’s upcoming retirement detracts from interest in problems. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – personal relationships and director’s lack of interest hurt chain-of-command effectiveness. 2. Psychosocial – low morale within staff due to favoritism, disinterest, loss of membership, lack of direction of system. 3. Technical – none apparent. 4. Manag erial – organization’s purpose and source of money undermined by personal interests and lack of direction.Managers who had authority, such as Bob Watts, are unwilling to take action. 5. Goals and values – there is no sense organization goals among management or staff despite declining membership. Staff and even some managers are increasingly interested in protecting their jobs or finding another job elsewhere. Consequently, there is little concern for providing service to the membership. IV. Alternatives 1. Leave as is. 2. Let Bob Watts retire; explain problem to new director. 3. Unite staff (as Carol has started); include in meeting with new director/board. 4.Carol Happ hire OD practitioner to intervene and unite staff, but this will be difficult as Watts seems to be â€Å"coasting† until retirement. V. Recommendations Realistically, not much can happen until Bob Watts retires. Before Watts retires, some of the staff could unite under the leadership of C arol Happ and meet with Bob. But this has definite risks, particularly for any staff under Ted Ellis. Approach Watts from viewpoint of helping increase memberships and how unity, etc. , is needed for this to occur. If Happ and the staff can gain Watts’ support, hire an external OD practitioner.

Genre Conventions of Punk

The task I have been set is to firstly, produce a CD front and back cover for the band/artist I have chosen, this part is called pre-production. Then I have to produce a magazine double page spread, advertising my band/artist, this part is Production. Then lastly I will need to produce a report where I will be evaluating my production, and also comparing it to real ones and commenting on the weakness and strengths mine has. The Genre I have chosen is punk rock/pop punk, It is not clear when the term pop punk was first used, but pop-influenced punk rock had been around since the 1970s, performed by bands such as the Ramones, Buzzcocks, The Jam, The Clash, The Undertones, and Descendents. Bad Religion, who started in 1980, was another early band to play the genre, and some consider them godfathers of pop punk. In the mid-1990s, Southern California-based pop punk bands achieved worldwide commercial success, and the genre's association with that area has led some to the term social sound. As pop punk at that time was not commercially viable, no major record label would sign a pop punk band until Green Day's breakthrough in 1994. Both these factors contributed to the emergence of a few independent record labels. Some of the most famous were, Lookout! Records which was formed by Larry Livermore of the band the Lookouts, Fat Wreck Chords formed by Fat Mike of NOFX, and Epitaph Records formed by Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion, but technically Lookout! and Epitaph were formed in the late 80's but becoming increasingly popular in the 90's. Pop punk had various degrees of commercial success since the late 1970s, however it has had a massive international commercial success in the 1990s and 2000's, with hit bands such as Fall out boy, Hellogoodbye, New found glory, Sum 41 and Blink 182. Genre conventions included in a typical punk rock band was instrumentation includes one or two electric guitars, an electric bass, and a drum kit, along with vocals. Vocals sometimes sound nasal and lyrics are often shouted instead of sung in a conventional sense, particularly in hardcore styles. Punk rock lyrics are typically frank and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they frequently comment on social and political issues. Trend-setting songs such as The Clash's â€Å"Career Opportunities† and Chelsea's â€Å"Right to Work† deal with unemployment and the grim realities of urban life. Especially in early British punk, a central goal was to outrage and shock the mainstream. The conventions of punk pop are similar to those of punk rock as the music has emerged from that genre. The punk bands dress code is very dressed down and more casual wear. Over time, tattoos, piercings, and metal-studded and -spiked accessories became increasingly common elements of punk fashion among both musicians and fans. The typical male punk haircut was originally short and choppy; the Mohawk later emerged as a characteristic style. Baggy jeans, bright t-shirts and cuffs/sweat bands were also part of their rebellious look. Punk bands normally have a lot of tattoos, either sleeves running up their arm or stars on their body. Album covers for Punk bands are usually bright and eye catching, with iconic art work on the front, e. g. Blink 182. They tend to then have a picture of the band on the back cover to show authenticity, and also get an image across to the audience, a track list is also included and the record label the band is with. The target audience for my band will be young males ranging from 13-25 years of age, but there would also be a smaller target audience for teenage girls. The target audience would have a rebellious dress sense with piercings and enjoy going to gigs of their favourite bands. They will not be too intelligent as the writing in magazines such as Kerrang is not for heavy reading and includes a lot of slang and abbreviations, and this is the type of magazine my target audience would buy. With the ratio of pictures to text in these magazines and the mode of address it suggests that they do not require a high reading age, if they did they would alienate most readers. The research I have found out will influence my designs for pre-production and production as I have found out many aspects that are included in magazines and CD covers, some that need to be included such as bar code, record label, band name, album title etc, and others to help sell it like how I will represent the punk culture in my pictures, colours, and writing style I use. There are also many techniques that are used to attract the audience's attention which will need to be used. The layout of my CD is one that most bands use with a picture on the front along with band name and album title, and then on the back the track list and another picture, of the band. I also placed parental advisory sticker in the bottom corner, this is because it needs to have the label on it to warn people, it is in the corner as it is not the main focus point of the CD, and this was also the case for the album name as the main selling points are the picture and band name. From looking at my two page spread and existing magazine articles, such as Q, Uncut and Kerrang, I can see the strengths and weaknesses in my work. The visual codes involved in my article include the use of columns as in most magazines, with the format of a big picture of the band at the top to show the reader who is being interviewed, and a large heading to grasp the reader's attention. There is also an opening paragraph to the article and one to end it, firstly to explain about the band and then to give an over view of the interview. I have also included a little fact file so it's not all heavy reading, this technique is used in many magazines such as Kerrang. The mode of address is informal and casual using colloquial language, â€Å"They rip up the stage like a tornado. † I done this because the readers of my magazine won't be ones of great intelligence; also using more slang flatters the reader and makes them feel better as they know what you're talking about and people who aren't in to that music won't. I have included in the writing a few names of other more famous bands and music names such as kerrang, this is called name dropping, which again flatters the reader as they know who you're on about while others might not, an example of this would be, â€Å"I'm excited to hang out with Rise Against. † I also noticed in other magazines they have the name of the photographer below or on top of the pictures so I have used this on my pictures. The background of the pages is a guitar and amp; I used this so the white background wouldn't be to plain. The pictures used are one of the band together showing unity, all wearing similar clothing of baggy jeans which has a connotation of being related to skaters and the punk scene, they are all wearing skater shoes which also is related to the punk scene and the hair styles are all messed to perfection to give the rebellious look punk rockers go for. The fact they dress down in the pictures show they care more about the music than their look which many punk bands go for, showing their authenticity. The picture has been edited to give a psychedelic look to the picture as punk bands are also related to the drug scene. The camera angle on both pictures is a low one to show the band's dominance and status. The other picture I used is one, of the bass player on stage with amps in the background, this picture is in black and white making the main image of the bass player stand out to the dull background. I used this picture as the interview is with the bass player and I have noticed in other magazines that they have a single picture of the person they are interviewing to show their importance. If I had to re-do this task I would change a number of things, firstly I would like to include more pictures of the band with a more themed approach to it as they do in most music magazines. Another problem I found was the writing lacked interest in the way it was set out in a Q&A style; I would change this so the answers to the questions are worked in to the writing which would give it more of a flow while reading. Also I find my fact file is not as exciting, or looks as good as one in a real magazine. So to improve this I think I would look at more techniques in other magazines to see what else I could place there instead. Another problem I found was it doesn't look as professional as it should do, the layout of it seems too structured and not like in a magazine for this category and the colours I feel don't suit the style of the band as I would like them too. It also seems colourless and plain which may put the reader off, but too much colour is also off putting being too â€Å"in your face†. I have also realised I would need a spine on my CD cover if I wanted it to be a proper CD cover in a case.

Reading Response: Malcolm X Essay

1. Subject: This reading is about Malcolm X gaining inspiration to learn how to read and write during his time in prison and the many wonders of the world he learns of through reading. The topic is Malcolm X’s passion for learning and the main ideas are what he learns about which drives him to fight for the nonwhite man. The setting takes place in Charlestown Prison and Norfolk Prison Colony where Malcolm X was imprisoned in 1946-1953. Characters included in the reading are an inmate named Bimbi who inspired Malcolm X to learn, Elijah Muhammad, several authors, whites, and nonwhites. 2. Occasion: The author wrote this piece in 1965 to inform the readers of his imminent desire to learn how to read and write because he was embarrassed by his lack of knowledge and of the things he had learned about the white man’s actions to nonwhites. 3. Audience: The author is writing to the general audience. The audience might not know how Malcolm X became imprisoned or what he did immediately after his release but they do know that he would read all day, every day if he could. Malcolm X has a very appreciative tone when it comes to what he had learned and very curious. When he learns of certain history that applies to people just like him, however, he sounds very disappointed. 4. Purpose: The purpose of this piece was to inform readers of how Malcolm X learned to read and write and his strong passion for knowledge. There is some talk about how the white man has done evil deeds to nonwhites and Malcolm X does show his unfortunate dislike towards the white man because of history. Overall, Malcolm X focuses on how time has given him the opportunity to learn more than many people can ever hope to learn. 5. Speaker: The speaker is the author, Malcolm X. The whole reading is based off Malcolm X’s point of view since it is an autobiography. 6. Passage: On page 130, the 6th paragraph, â€Å"I copied into my tablet everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation marks.† I especially like this line, because it shows Malcolm X’s determination and his true desire to learn. The reader can imagine him copying pages of a dictionary onto his tablet all day and it wouldn’t tire him out.

Discuss the factors that affect the market price of a product (part A) Essay

Discuss the factors that affect the market price of a product (part A) and (part B) describe the trend in world price of oil over the past two decades and discu - Essay Example However, the broader description of a product as anything that is made available in a market, as provided by Philip Kotler in his book Marketing Management needs to be taken into account in this discussion. In simple terms again, the price of any product is controlled by the demand of the product and the supply of the product and yet there are many factors that play a role on the supply side and the demand side of the product and it is these factors that need to be examined (Fletcher. T & Russell-Jones N. 1997. VALUE PRICING: How to Maximise Profits Through Effective Pricing Policies. Pp 14 to 43). The initial factors on the supply side are availability of the product and cost of production of the product. The greater availability of the product will tend to lower the price of the product. The more the cost of production the higher will be the price. The next factor is competition. Competition in normal circumstances is present for all products and acts as a control on prices, unless a single entity or a group of suppliers is in a position to dominate the supply of the product and therefore exact higher prices. (Competition and the Effects of Price Controls in Hawaiis Gasoline Market. 2003.). The next factor is legislative control on the price of the product in the market. Legislative action is normally used as a measure to protect the consumers from being over charged by suppliers. The next factor is changing markets. Changing markets could have a positive or negative impact on prices. The next factor is technology, which tends to increase efficiency and thereby reduce the pr ice of the products. Then we come to management strategies in terms of profit goals and growth objectives. These have an effect of raising the prices of a product. On the demand side there is only one factor and that is consumer demand for the product. Consumer demand is however controlled by the economic state of

Globalisation of Business Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalisation of Business Activities - Essay Example There are video phones, fax machines, video conferencing facilities which helps in connecting people with ease. Movement of People: There have been a number of people who travel for higher education and new job. There are number of people from the developing and under developed countries who migrate to different countries owing to the low standard of living, for higher education and better job opportunities. There have also been foreign investments in developing countries as there are ample opportunities for growth and development. Multinational Companies and NGO’s: There are a number of organizations who are making the general public aware of number of issues and health problems ,the role of non-governmental organization is to bring together the government, people affiliated. Some examples of NGO’s include the Amnesty International or Doctors without Borders. There are also many multinational corporations that are willing to diversify and open up markets in order to access new venues and markets. (Colin,2008) In 2003, approximately 300,000 jobs were outsourced to foreign countries mainly India and China. Research states that by 2015, 3.4 million jobs will be outsourced to other countries from US alone. The main reasons for the shift are due of the following reasons: Balancing risks and rewards are very important for the manufacturing company. There are some risk factors such as financial, business continuity, recovery, political and exchange rates that the manufacturing companies need to keep in mind before outsourcing. Many companies prefer to invest their profits back into the market but are limited as the market is not matured. Hence the overseas markets prove to be a good option for growth opportunities and expand their markets. The companies also try to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of the process by using the resources in management, administration,

Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classification - Essay Example Offline marketing on the other hand, involves use of media such as television, radio and newspapers for advertising. These are the conventional forms of marketing which companies have been successfully using over the years. Volkswagen has effectively made used of newspaper audio advertisements in emerging economies in its marketing campaigns. Another way of classifying marketing is through who finds whom. When the companies make efforts to reach their potential customers, it is called as outbound marketing. In this type, organizations make efforts to market their products even if customers are not searching for them or just don’t need them. Marketers use tools such as billboards, newsletters, banners and telephone calls to approach the customers. The opposite of outbound marketing is inbound marketing. In this type of marketing, the customers start with a need of a product or service and then look out for companies who can fulfill their requirement. When customers look out for a product or service on a search engine such as Yahoo or Google, the search engine optimization helps in inbound marketing. Similarly, when a person looks to buy a home, he is using this type of marketing. Another way to classify marketing is through the use of marketing methods. When marketers need to send message directly to customers without use of middlemen or third parties, they make use of direct marketing. In this marketing, they make use of tools such as mail marketing, telemarketing and direct selling. In this marketing, the marketer directly faces the customer and hence can easily interpret the success or failure of his product or service and can work on its improvement with other organizational members. Indirect marketing comprises of all other methods which are not direct. Thus, when a company uses Television, Newspapers, advertising agencies and Internet, it is making use of indirect

500 to 700 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

500 to 700 words - Essay Example The project being undertaken by BP Solar Australia is specifically focused on poverty reduction and improvement of the wellbeing of people through development of packaged solar systems in the communities which can be harnessed as the enabling technology that can be used to meet various needs of the local people. The project is mainly concerned with inculcating a sense of asset management as a way of promoting the sense of belonging which encourages development initiatives being undertaken in the local communities. The success of the project is mainly determined by the involvement of the members of the local communities. The main aim of the project is improvement the wellbeing of the local members of the Philippines communities that were underprivileged through provision of facilities that were lacking such as electricity. It is also aimed at developing and supporting a culture of asset management among the community members as a way of establishing a sense of belonging. This is an attempt to make them part of the ongoing project initiative. The scope of the analysis is to establish the assertion that project development in infrastructure in previously disadvantaged communities is one way of stimulating social and economic growth while at the same time alleviating poverty among the members of the affected areas. A stakeholder is an individual or group that is directly or indirectly affected by activities of a certain project or can be any entity with a conceivable interest or stake in a project. BP Solar Australia is the major stakeholder which coordinates the project. The Australian government is also a stakeholder as it is responsible for providing financial assistance through grants and loans. The Philippines government is a stakeholder responsible for authorising the project. The local community members are stakeholders who are both part of the project and are

Small and Medium Entreprises in an international context Essay - 1

Small and Medium Entreprises in an international context - Essay Example he play of market dynamics and the intensity of competition to get set up, operate, overcome problems and manage to survive is the overall background of this research paper, signifying the basic interest of customer orientation of SME, extending to how it is done by the owner / managers, trends and success. In this section of introduction, the reader will encounter a general idea of SME’s, what are they, SME’s in the UK, and further focus on the region of Yorkshire and Humberside (which is the base region of this research paper). Then it states about the position and perception of this study the researcher is going to take the interest in the topic. Last but not the least, is the research structure that how I am going to do the research, tools to be used, systematic procedure in relation to the guidelines stated out, its limitations and advantages. Designing a method so as to favour investment, in SMEs, innovation training and clusters of enterprises, elements that are considered particularly important in the context of economic development, modernisation and employment prospects and standard of living, innovation and entreprenureship and growth. In the United Kingdom, it has remained one of the main destinations of FDI inflows. The ability of the region to attain and retain investment and skilled people reflects on the quality of life and environment and perceptions of the region as a good place to live and do business. The U.K. labour govt. have made it known that the future U.K. economy will become increasingly reliant upon SME’s with the formulation: -National Skill Task Force. (The opportunity to networks and access to world class value-adding information.) This region is clearly defined sub-regions, West and North Yorkshire, Humber and South Yorkshire. This region has experienced significant economic upheaval in the last decade, running down of the coal industry, decline in heavy industry, restructuring of steel industry. The majority of SME

End of geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

End of geography - Assignment Example The disappearance of national barriers that divide the world and the increasing interconnectedness open a wide range of opportunities for the information exchange. In all these processes the language plays one of the most important roles. In this paper, we consider borrowings from English language in the Japanese and also we critically evaluate its impact on society of Japan. In the mosern world the international language is English and in many countries it is considered to be (officially or not) the second language. This phenomenon makes it possible to say that the nations unite in a single society, speaking the same language. Does this mean that we are witnessing "the end of geography"? The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the proposition that globalization is leading to the end of geography using the example of Japanese language and the English borrowings in it. During the work over this paper we analyze and evaluate that the phenomenon of the ‘end of geography’ is not so vivid and the boundaries between countries are slightly blurred but not completely washed away, so geography remains vital to its study. Ulrich Beck, the research worker who studies globalization, argues that: "Globalization affects mainly the social micro-level, structured on the genesis of certain forms of cultural, socio-cultural systems and the genesis of ethnic and cultural systems." (Beck, 1999) The most successful model developed in relation to globalization, belongs to Japan. Throughout most of its history, Japan has shaped their culture on the basis of borrowing religious doctrines of Buddhism, Confucian ethical and religious system, arts and crafts from China, however, since the Meiji Restoration, the country has become, so to say, westernized very rapidly. The peak of this Westernization of Japan accounts for the years of American military

Magnificent Architectural Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Magnificent Architectural Space - Essay Example Its significance can be assessed as two-fold, first from the standpoint of this particular work in the Piranese artistic development, and second - from a stance of considering the role of Piranese in the etching movement, and his influence on contemporary environment. This print belongs to the early works of Piranesi, when he was concentrating on revealing the beauty of architectural forms and his desire to create impossible spaces was just emerging. Being an aspiring architect putting together a living as an engraver in Rome, Piranesi was inspired by his early encounter with the ancient city. It was an experience that significantly shaped his highly personal work as an architect, etcher, and designer. The series the Prima Parte di Architteture e Prospettive, which includes Magnificent Architectural Space, was first published in 1743. Modern editors, Andrew Robison and John Wilton-Ely, agree that it is a truly extraordinary collection of prints, a publication that demonstrates how quickly and deeply the young artist had absorbed, and in many ways transcended, the graphic and architectural models available to him during the early 1740s (Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1972 p.117). According to scholar John Wilton-Ely, the distinguishing characteristics of Piranesi's early works were "the unorthodox combination of classical motifs, the manipulation of superhuman scale, the organization of powerfully receding perspectives upon diagonal axes, and the modulation of space by means of skilful lighting"(Wilton-Ely 1994 p.23). John Wilton-Ely also highlights that Piranesi was the first to convey the "layering of historical change" within a single image, normally by inserting letters of the alphabet against relevant parts of a building's structure; the letters, in turn, refer to extended captions within or outside of the print block. Colin F. Madigan emphasizes the impact of Piranesi's early works on the contemporary environment by pointing out that the prints "expressing the chaotic richness of the classical world were displayed in gentlemen's houses in Europe and their influence on the design of buildings and furniture at that time was significant" (Madigan 1982 n/p). Moreover, the artistic value of the Magnificent Architectural Space should be assessed from the standpoint of the corresponding stage of the etching historical development. If we stop at eighteen hundred and look back at the prints that have been made up to that time, one of the outstanding characteristics of the movement represented in them seems to have been a gradual withdrawal from print making by the more important artists (Ivins 1969 p.96). The number of masters making prints with their own hands dropped significantly and Piranesi was one of the few representatives of this movement in the eighteen hundred. Piranesi etched and published numerous folio print sets of art, architecture and archaeology of Rome that served as source material for other architects and designers. After the artist's death, his son Francesco took the plates to Paris and continued publishing his father's work between

Aeromedical Factors Essay Example for Free

Aeromedical Factors Essay One philosophy that some persons question, including a few of our own aviation medical examiners, relates to our greater flexibility in granting special issuances to private pilots as opposed to air carrier and other commercial pilots. The arguments against such flexibility rotate around the thought that, in the event of a medical incapacitation, an air carrier or commercial pilot usually has another pilot on board who can take control of the aircraft and safely land. In contrast, the private pilot often has no such safety net and, therefore, a medical incapacitation is likely to have severe safety consequences. In the case of the private pilot, I think we can be more flexible and allow that pilot to assume some risks for him or herself that we would not permit in air carrier or other commercial operations. This philosophy is frequently challenged regarding the safety of persons who fly as invitees of the private pilot. The risk derives not only from the medical status of the pilot, but the pilots proficiency and experience as well as the airworthiness of the aircraft. One might suggest that our approach, allowing greater flexibility in the medical certification of private pilots, constitutes experimentation with safety in private operations. This suggestion might have some validity if private pilots who are granted special issuances experience a significant number of medically related accidents. Humans regard vision as their most valuable sense, yet they fail to appreciate what a remarkable and complicated organ the human eye is. The rods are concentrated in a ring around the cones. Both the cones and the rods are used for vision during daylight and bright moonlight. The pilot should consciously practice this scanning procedure to improve night vision. It is important for the pilot to maintain good physical condition. While dim red lighting has the least adverse effect on night vision, it severely distorts colors. Older pilots may experience extreme difficulty in focusing the eyes on objects inside the cockpit. In addition to night vision, the pilot should also be aware of how to cope with illusions encountered during night flight. Refer to Advisory Circulars 61-23B, Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, and 61 21A, Flight Training Handbook, and the Aeronautical Information Manual for further information on the above subjects. The term hearing describes the process, function, or power of perceiving sound. The sense of hearing makes it possible to perceive, process, and identify among the myriad of sounds from the surrounding environment. Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System The auditory system consists of the external ear, ear canal, eardrum, auditory ossicles, cochlea (which resembles a snail shell and is filled with fluid), and the auditory nerve. Ambient sound waves are collected by the external ear, conducted through the ear canal, and cause the eardrum to vibrate. Sound waves are variations in air pressures above and below the ambient pressure. All sounds have three distinctive variables: frequency, intensity, and duration. Frequency is the physical property of sound that gives it a pitch. Since sound energy propagates in a wave-form, it can be measured in terms of wave oscillations or wave cycles per second, known as hertz (Hz). Sounds that are audible to the human ear fall in the frequency range of about 20-20,000 Hz, and the highest sensitivity is between 500 and 4,000 Hz. Sounds below 20 Hz and above 20,000 Hz cannot be perceived by the human ear. The decibel (dB) is the unit used to measure sound intensity. The range of normal hearing sensitivity of the human ear is between -10 to +25 dB. Sounds below -10dB are generally imperceptible. A pilot who cannot hear a sound unless its intensity is higher than 25 dB (at any frequency) is already experiencing hearing loss. Duration determines the quality of the perception and discrimination of a sound, as well as the potential risk of hearing impairment when exposed to high intensity sounds. The adverse consequences of a short-duration exposure to a loud sound can be as bad as a long-duration exposure to a less intense sound. Noise The term noise refers to a sound, especially one which lacks agreeable musical quality, is noticeably unpleasant, or is too loud. In other words, noise is any unwanted or annoying sound. Categorizing a sound as noise can be very subjective. The aviation environment is characterized by multiple sources of noise, both on the ground and in the air. Noise is produced by aircraft equipment-powerplants, transmission systems, jet efflux, propellers, rotors, hydraulic and electrical actuators, cabin conditioning and pressurization systems, cockpit advisory and alert systems, communications equipment, etc. All pilots know the sounds of a normal- functioning aircraft. The effects of pre-flight exposure to noise can adversely affect pilot in-flight performance. Types of Noise Examples: aircraft powerplant noise, propeller noise, and pressurization system noise. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the maximum permissible continuous exposure level to steady noise in a working environment is 90 dB for eight hours. The eardrum may be ruptured by intense levels (140 dB) of impulse/blast noise. Effects of Noise Exposure Physiological Ear discomfort may occur during exposure to a 120 dB noise. Ear pain may occur during exposure to a 130 dB noise. Eardrum rupture may occur during exposure to a 140 dB noise. Temporary hearing impairment. Unprotected exposure to loud, steady noise over 90 dB for a short time, even several hours, may cause hearing impairment. This effect is usually temporary and hearing returns to normal within several hours following cessation of the noise exposure. Permanent hearing impairment. Unprotected exposure to loud noise (higher than 90 dB) for eight or more hours per day for several years, may cause a permanent hearing loss. Subjective Effects: Annoying high-intensity noise can cause distraction, fatigue, irritability, startle responses, sudden awakening and poor sleep quality, loss of appetite, headache, vertigo, nausea, and impair concentration and memory. Speech Interference: Loud noise can interfere with or mask normal speech, making it difficult to understand. Tasks that require vigilance, concentration, calculations, and making judgments about time can be adversely affected by exposure to loud no ise higher than 100 dB. How to Protect Your Hearing Limiting Duration of Exposure to Noise: OSHA-established permissible noise exposure limits for the workplace(Fiugure 2) (including the cockpit of an aircraft). Use Hearing Protection Equipment. If the ambient noise level exceeds OSHAs permissible noise exposure limits, you should use hearing protection devices-earplugs, earmuffs, communication headsets, or active noise reduction headsets. Even if an individual already has some level of permanent hearing loss, using hearing protection equipment should prevent further hearing damage. These protection devices attenuate noise waves before they reach the eardrum, and most of them are effective at reducing high-frequency noise levels above 1,000 Hz and/or for reducing noise levels to, or below, 50 dB. Earplugs. Insertable-type earplugs offer a very popular, inexpensive, effective, and comfortable approach to provide hearing protection. Communication Headsets. Active Noise Reduction Headsets. This type of headset uses active noise reduction technology that allows the manipulation of sound and signal waves to reduce noise, improve signal-to-noise ratios, and enhance sound quality. Active noise reduction provides effective protection against low-frequency noise. The electronic coupling of a low-frequency noise wave with its exact mirror image cancels this noise. * Combinations of Protection Devices. The combination of earplugs with earmuffs or communication headsets is recommended when ambient noise levels are above 115 dB. Earplugs, combined with active noise reduction headsets, provide the maximum level of individual hearing protection that can be achieved with current technology. [Editors Note: Be careful you dont muffle too much engine noise when you combine ear protection devices. Bibliography Aeromedical factors. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.free-online-private-pilot-ground-school.com/aeromedical.html Aeromedical factors. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ntc.cap.af.mil/ops/dot/school/CAPF5_Course/aeromedical.htm Aeromedical factors: cfi lesson plan. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://cfi-lesson-plans.com/aeromedical-factors/ Aerospace medicine human factors. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://aeromedical.org/avmed_home.php Office of aerospace medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay Example for Free

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay In this paper I will be diving in to the history of Habeas Corpus and how it has evolved over the years. I will briefly explain the origination of the habeas corpus, the role it plays in U. S. A and what current action is being taken about it. I will be also looking in to the Bush administration and the way they dealt with habeas corpus. The original purpose of habeas corpus was to bring people into court rather than out of imprisonment and by the year 1230, the writs utility for that purpose was a well-known aspect of English common law. Known as the Great Writ, its codification into English law came by way of Parliament in the Habeas Corpus Act of 1641, created in response to the King of Englands actions during what is now referred to as Darnells Case. In Darnell, five English noblemen were thrown into the castles dungeon deep for failure to support their countrys dual wars against France and Spain. The men filed suit, requesting the King provide an explanation as to their imprisonment. King Charles refused, on review; the court upheld the monarchys steadfast silence, stating that the law did not require the King to provide any justification for their detention. The public outcry against this decision was deafening, prompting Parliamentary action the following year. Parliament expanded habeas rights several years later with the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, additionally requiring charges to be brought within a specific time period for anyone detained for criminal acts. By 1765, habeas corpus was firmly imbedded within the foundation of English law, as noted by William Blackstone, who described the Great Writ as a second magna carta, a stable bulwark of our liberties. This fundamental English right successfully traversed the Atlantic Ocean when our founders incorporated the doctrine of habeas corpus into the U. S. Constitution. As stated, The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. Known as the Suspension Clause, this provision specifically places the ability to suspend habeas corpus in the hands of Congress only during times of rebellion or invasion. Despite the clarity of the clause, the American debate on habeas corpus only begins at this point. The Great Writ of habeas corpus has long had an iconic status as the writ of liberty which ensured that no person could be detained in prison without being put to trial by a jury of his peers. According to the traditional version, popularized by Whiggish constitutional writers from the late seventeenth century onwards, the English constitution as embodied in the common law had, since time immemorial, striven to protect the fundamental rights of Englishmen and women, which included the right to personal liberty obban, M. Halliday, P. D. (2011). Habeas Corpus is an ancient common law prerogative writ a legal procedure to which you have an undeniable right. It is an extraordinary remedy at law. Upon proper application, or even on naked knowledge alone, a court is empowered, and is duty bound, to issue the Extraordinary Writ of Habeas Corpus commanding one who is restraining liberty to forthwith produce before the court the person who is in custody and to show because why the liberty of that person is being restrained. Absent a sufficient showing for a proper restraint of liberty, the court is duty bound to order the restraint eliminated and the person discharged. Habeas Corpus is fundamental to American and all other English common law derivative systems of jurisprudence. It is the ultimate lawful and peaceable remedy for adjudicating the providence of liberty’s restraint. Robertson. J, (2002). After the attacks of 11 September 2001, came the war in Afghanistan followed by the war in Iraq: a two-pronged engagement collectively known as the Global War on Terror As U. S. rmed forces captured enemy combatants by the M35 truckload, the Bush administration pondered how to systematically detain such persons in a manner that would provide adequate detention while maintaining intelligence-gathering capabilities vital to the war efforts. The answer was found on the island of Cuba: Guantanamo Bay. U. S. naval forces have occupied this site since 1903, and it seemed to provide the perfect solution. Relying on the Courts previous precedent in Johnson v. Eisentrager, govemment officials believed that keeping enemy combatants outside the realm of U.  S. territory would preclude such individual’s filing, among other things, claims for habeas corpus review. The govemments legal position was tested almost as quickly as the detainees arrived. Beginning in 2002, the United States transported captured enemy combatants to the area of Guantanamo Bay known as Camp X-Ray. Applications for writs of habeas corpus by Guantanamo detainees were made as early as February 2002. In Coalition of Clergy v. Bush, the U. S. District Court for the Central District of California first approached this issue in line with govemment expectations. Relying on Johnson v. Eisentrager, the court held that several U. S. citizens under the Coalition of Clergy, Lawyers, and Professors who had filed show cause petitions on behalf of enemy combatants held at Guantanamo Bay lacked standing to assert claims on behalf of the detainees. The court further concluded that, even if petitioners did have standing, this court lacked jurisdiction to entertain those claims. Moreover, the court found that no federal court would have jurisdiction over petitioners claims, so there is no basis to transfer this matter to another federal district court. Because Guantanamo Bay remained outside U. S. sovereignty, the case closely mirrored that of Eisentrager As a result, the United States failed to maintain jurisdiction and the court dismissed the petition. In response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force which grants the President power to use all necessary and appropriate force' against all who either participated in any way in those attacks or gave refuge to those who participated. Under this authority, the Department of Defense ordered several enemy combatants to be transferred to Guantanamo Bay for detention. In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, a plurality of the Court recognized that the ability to detain individuals engaged in armed conflict against the United States was so fundamental and accepted an incident to war as to be an exercise of the necessary and appropriate force Congress has authorized the President to use. Notwithstanding this explicit sanction of detention, the Court held that the citizen-detainee seeking to challenge his classification as an enemy combatant must receive notice of the factual basis for his classification, and a fair opportunity to rebut the Governments factual assertions before a neutral decision maker. The Court suggested that this could be done by an appropriately authorized and properly constituted military tribunal. Pond, B. C. (2009). The rationale for the U. S. detention policy derives from the Bush administrations comprehensive military order issued on November 13, 001, which is intended to govern the Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War against Terrorism. Purportedly modeled after a proclamation and military order issued by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II, President Bushs military order limits the use of military commissions to any non-citizen for whom the president determines: is or was a member of al Qaeda, has committed, aided or abetted, or conspired to commit terrorist acts, or has knowingly harbored one or more of these individuals. Several months after the issuance of this military order, the administration began using the term enemy combatant to describe those subject to detention and trial by military commission. The administrations definition of enemy combatant, however, has varied over time. The administration sometimes uses the enemy combatant label as a term of art to describe a new and unique category of combatant in the post 9/11 world. On other occasions, the administration uses the term generically to describe what traditionally has been called lawful and unlawful combatants, while at other times the term is used synonymously with unlawful combatants. According to this definition, the term enemy combatant is not limited to war combatants alone, but includes anyone who has aided terrorist organizations fighting against the United States, including those who may have unwittingly given financial support to al Qaeda. The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a slightly different definition of enemy combatant on March 23, 2005. According to Joint Publication 3-63, entitled Joint Doctrine for Detainee Operations, the term enemy combatant describes a new category of detainee and includes, but is not necessarily limited to, a member or agent of Al Qaeda, Taliban, or another international terrorist organization against which [the] United States is engaged in an armed conflict. Staab, J. B. (2008). Conclusion The premise behind habeas corpus as stated is to bring people into court rather than out of imprisonment. However in my opinion, during the Bush administration, they found a way around this law so as to not have to give a trial. While I want justice like the next person, I would not like to be in a situation where I am being held under the pretence that I a criminal without evidence or a trial. I am not saying that the people held were/are innocent, but I can’t help but to think we cannot be sure. I think that capturing these people were also done out of revenge and thus not urging anyone to think of their right. The 9/11 attack was gut ranching and frankly something I never want to experience again, so I do understand the need to talk less and carry a big stick. From an honest stand point, after 9/11 I was scared to do anything, while I am of no Middle Eastern decent, I look like an Indian person from India, that meant no one ask you where you are from when they look at you suspiciously. Even with all the rights I have in the U. S. A if I was suspected of being suspicious and someone higher and more powerful said that I had dealing with terrorists activities, no one will honestly believe me because of the way I look. Bring me to my point that without a trial we cannot tell for sure of the people being held in Cuba was innocent or guilty without a trail.